八、防控知識(shí)
PART EIGHT
Knowledge About COVID-19 Prevention and Control
1. 正確使用口罩
口罩是預(yù)防呼吸道傳染病的重要防線，可以降低新冠病毒感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)�？谡植粌H可以防止病人噴射飛沫，降低飛沫量和噴射速度，還可阻擋含病毒的飛沫核，防止佩戴者吸入。
新冠肺炎疫情發(fā)生以來，口罩在疫情防控中起著重要作用。2020年1月30日，國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委印發(fā)《預(yù)防新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎口罩使用指南》。2月5日，國(guó)務(wù)院應(yīng)對(duì)新冠肺炎疫情聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機(jī)制印發(fā)《預(yù)防新型冠狀病毒感染口罩選擇與使用技術(shù)指引》。3月17日，根據(jù)疫情防控形勢(shì)向好和復(fù)工復(fù)產(chǎn)需要，聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機(jī)制修訂形成《公眾科學(xué)戴口罩指引》，從普通公眾、特定場(chǎng)所人員、職業(yè)暴露人員以及重點(diǎn)人員進(jìn)行分類，并對(duì)不同場(chǎng)景下戴口罩提出科學(xué)指引的建議。
口罩佩戴的基本原則是科學(xué)合理佩戴、規(guī)范使用、有效防護(hù)。根據(jù)相關(guān)指南、指引建議，在非疫區(qū)空曠且通風(fēng)場(chǎng)所不需要佩戴口罩，進(jìn)入人員密集或密閉公共場(chǎng)所需要佩戴口罩。在疫情高發(fā)地區(qū)空曠且通風(fēng)場(chǎng)所建議佩戴一次性使用醫(yī)用口罩；進(jìn)入人員密集或密閉公共場(chǎng)所，佩戴醫(yī)用外科口罩或顆粒物防護(hù)口罩。特殊人群如可能接觸疑似或確診病例的高危人群，建議佩戴醫(yī)用防護(hù)口罩（N95及以上級(jí)別）并佩戴護(hù)目鏡。
佩戴醫(yī)用外科口罩時(shí)，鼻夾側(cè)朝上，深色面朝外，上下拉開褶皺，使口罩覆蓋口、鼻及下頜；按捏鼻夾，使之貼緊鼻梁，防止側(cè)漏。佩戴口罩前按規(guī)程洗手，佩戴時(shí)避免接觸口罩內(nèi)側(cè)�？谡峙宕�2-4小時(shí)更換一次，如口罩臟污、變形、損壞、有異味時(shí)也要及時(shí)更換�？谡终潞髴�(yīng)將接觸口鼻的一面朝里疊好，如需再次使用，可懸掛在潔凈、干燥通風(fēng)處，或?qū)⑵浞胖迷谇鍧崱⑼笟獾募埓�；如不再使用，�?yīng)放入固定丟棄處，避免交叉感染。兒童不宜佩戴成人口罩，家長(zhǎng)要幫助兒童正確佩戴口罩，并隨時(shí)關(guān)注佩戴情況，年齡極小的嬰幼兒不能佩戴口罩，易引起窒息。
1. Using Facemasks Properly
Facemasks are important for preventing infectious respiratory diseases and lowering the risk of COVID-19 infections. Facemasks can prevent patients from spraying droplets, reduce the amount and speed of droplets, and protect the wearers from inhaling droplet nucleus of the virus.
Facemasks have been effective in preventing and controlling COVID-19. On January 30, the NHC published a Guide on Facemask Usage Against Novel Coronavirus-infected Pneumonia. On February 5, the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council published the Technical Guidelines for Selecting and Using Facemasks Against Novel Coronavirus Infection.
On March 17, in response to work resumption as the disease prevention and control improved, the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism published a Guide on Proper Usage of Facemasks by the Public, providing advice for wearing facemasks under different conditions for the general public, people at specific areas, people with occupational exposure, and key population groups.
Facemasks should be worn and used properly to ensure effective protection. According to relevant guidance, in areas not affected by the disease, facemasks are unnecessary in open and well-ventilated places, but people should wear facemasks when entering crowded or enclosed public places. In high-risk areas, people should wear disposable medical masks in open and well-ventilated places, and wear surgical masks or respirators of grade N95 when entering crowded or enclosed public places. Special groups who may contact suspected or confirmed cases should wear goggles and respirators of grade N95 or above.
When wearing surgical masks, hold the mask with the nose strip on top and the dark-colored side facing outward, pull the mask over the mouth, nose and chins, and pinch the nose strip to conform to the shape of the nose.
Wash hands according to procedures before wearing a mask and avoid touching the inside of the mask.
Replace the mask every two to four hours, and change the mask when it is dirty, contaminated, distorted, damaged or smelly.
Take off the mask with the side touching the nose and mouth folded inward, hang the mask in clean, dry, ventilated place or put it in a clean and ventilated paper bag for reuse.
Dispose the mask in a specific garbage bin to avoid cross infection.
Children should not wear the facemasks for adults, and parents should help their children wear facemasks properly.
Babies cannot wear facemasks, which can pose suffocation risks.
2. 盡量減少外出活動(dòng)
每個(gè)人是自己健康第一責(zé)任人。新冠肺炎疫情期間，除了政府和相關(guān)部門采取的防控措施外，每位公民做好個(gè)人防護(hù)，減少不必要的外出、聚集等行為，是對(duì)自己和他人健康負(fù)責(zé)，也是維護(hù)公眾安全的應(yīng)盡義務(wù)。
根據(jù)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委發(fā)布的《新型冠狀病毒肺炎診療方案（試行第七版）》，目前所見傳染源主要是新型冠狀病毒感染的患者。無癥狀感染者也可能成為傳染源。經(jīng)呼吸道飛沫和密切接觸傳播是主要的傳播途徑。人群普遍易感。在備餐和聚餐過程中，人群相互之間都是密切接觸者，咳嗽、打噴嚏甚至近距離交談產(chǎn)生的飛沫，可直接傳播給整個(gè)聚會(huì)人群，極易造成疾病傳播，為疾病流行提供有利條件。因此，減少人員出行，避免參加集會(huì)、聚會(huì)是阻斷疫情的重要措施。
加強(qiáng)個(gè)人防護(hù)，還要減少到公共場(chǎng)所活動(dòng)，尤其是一些人員密集、空氣流動(dòng)性差的公共場(chǎng)所，如商場(chǎng)、餐廳、影院、車站、機(jī)場(chǎng)、碼頭、展覽館等。這是因?yàn)椋矆?chǎng)所人員多、流動(dòng)量大、人員組成復(fù)雜，一旦有病毒攜帶者，很容易造成人與人之間的傳播，進(jìn)而引發(fā)病毒感染和疫情擴(kuò)散。
2. Minimizing Outings
Everyone is the first person responsible for his/her health. During the outbreak of COVID-19, on top of the prevention and control measures taken by the government and relevant agencies, every citizen should be responsible for their own and others’ health, and fulfil the due diligence to maintain public security by protecting themselves and reducing non-essential outings and gatherings.
According to the Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 (Trial Version 7) published by the NHC, patients infected by the novel coronavirus are the main source of infection. Asymptomatic coronavirus carriers are possible source of infection. Major ways of transmission are respiratory droplets and close contact with infected people. All people are vulnerable to COVID-19. While preparing meals or dining together, people are in close contact with each other. Droplets spread by coughing, sneezing and even talking in close distance may directly transmit to the whole group, which can easily spread the disease and facilitate the prevalence of the disease. Therefore, reducing outings and avoiding gatherings and parties are important measures to interrupt the transmission of the disease.
People should strengthen personal protection by reducing visits to public places, especially where is crowded or poorly ventilated, such as shopping malls, restaurants, cinemas, stations, airports, wharves and exhibition centers. These public places are crowded with people from everywhere and have high population mobility, and virus carriers are easy to cause people-to-people transmission, incur virus infections, and spread the disease.
3. 保持手衛(wèi)生
除了外出佩戴口罩，洗手也是預(yù)防傳染病最簡(jiǎn)單、最有效的措施之一。日常工作、生活中，人們的手不斷接觸到被病毒、細(xì)菌污染的物品，手上的病原體可以通過手和口、眼、鼻的粘膜接觸進(jìn)入人體。洗手可以簡(jiǎn)單有效地切斷這一傳播途徑，有效降低感染新冠病毒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
為避免病毒經(jīng)手傳播，應(yīng)盡量減少接觸公共場(chǎng)所的公共物品和部位，同時(shí)注意勤洗手。以下情況應(yīng)及時(shí)洗手：外出歸來，戴口罩前及摘下口罩后，接觸過淚液、鼻涕、痰液和唾液后，咳嗽打噴嚏用手遮擋后，護(hù)理患者后，準(zhǔn)備食物前，用餐前，如廁后，接觸公共設(shè)施或物品后（如扶手、門柄、電梯按鈕、錢幣、快遞等物品），接觸嬰幼兒及哺乳喂食前，處理嬰幼兒糞便后，接觸動(dòng)物或處理動(dòng)物糞便后等。如不確定手是否清潔時(shí)，避免用手接觸口鼻眼；打噴嚏或咳嗽時(shí)，用手肘衣服遮住口鼻。
正確的洗手方法是：使用流動(dòng)水和肥皂或洗手液洗手，每次洗手應(yīng)揉搓20秒以上，確保手心、手指、手背、指縫、指甲縫、手腕等處均被清洗干凈。不方便用流動(dòng)水洗手時(shí)，可使用含酒精的免洗洗手液。
3. Keeping Hands Clean
Besides wearing facemasks when going out, washing hands is also one of the simplest and most effective ways to prevent infectious disease. In daily work and life, people may touch items contaminated by viruses and bacteria, and pathogens on their hands can get into their bodies through the mucosae of mouth, eyes and nose. Washing hands can easily and effectively interrupt transmission through mucosae and reduce the risk of COVID-19 infections.
To avoid transmission of the virus through hands, people should avoid touching items and facilities at public places and wash hands frequently. They should wash hands under the following conditions:
* before putting on facemasks;
* before preparing and eating food;
* before touching, feeding or breastfeeding babies;
* after coming back from outside;
* after taking off facemasks;
* after touching tears, nasal discharge, sputum and saliva;
* after coughing and sneezing;
* after caring for patients;
* after using the toilet;
* after touching public facilities or items (such as handrails, doorknobs, elevator buttons, coins and express parcels);
* after cleaning baby stools; and
* after touching animals or cleaning their stools.
People should avoid touching mouth, nose and eyes when not sure whether their hands are clean, and sneeze or cough into the elbow.
The right way of hands washing is: Wash the hands with soap or liquid soap and running water, rub the hands for over 20 seconds each time, and make sure the palms, fingers, the back of the hands, nails, and the wrists and all other parts of the hands are cleaned. If running water is not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer instead.
4. 健康監(jiān)測(cè)與就醫(yī)
發(fā)熱、咳嗽和呼吸困難可能是呼吸道感染或其他嚴(yán)重疾病導(dǎo)致的癥狀。應(yīng)密切關(guān)注健康狀況，如果出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱、咳嗽等癥狀，應(yīng)注意戴口罩等個(gè)人防護(hù)，及時(shí)就近就醫(yī)。
公民應(yīng)主動(dòng)做好個(gè)人與家庭成員的健康監(jiān)測(cè)，盡可能減少與有呼吸道疾病癥狀（如發(fā)燒、咳嗽或打噴嚏等）的人密切接觸，自覺發(fā)熱時(shí)要主動(dòng)測(cè)量體溫。家中有兒童的，可早晚摸試其額頭，如有發(fā)熱及時(shí)為其測(cè)量體溫。
發(fā)生以下兩種情況時(shí)應(yīng)及時(shí)到當(dāng)?shù)刂付ㄡt(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行排查診治：一是出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱（腋下溫度≥37.3℃）、咳嗽、氣促等急性呼吸道感染癥狀；二是有武漢及周邊地區(qū)，或其他有病例報(bào)告社區(qū)的旅行史或居住史，或發(fā)病前14天內(nèi)曾接觸過來自武漢及周邊地區(qū)，或其他有病例報(bào)告社區(qū)的旅行史或居住史的發(fā)熱伴呼吸道癥狀的患者，或出現(xiàn)聚集性發(fā)病。
前往醫(yī)院的路上，應(yīng)佩戴醫(yī)用外科口罩或N95口罩，盡量避免乘坐公共交通工具，路上打開車窗。在路上和到醫(yī)院時(shí)，盡可能離其他人至少1米距離。就醫(yī)時(shí)，應(yīng)如實(shí)詳細(xì)講述患病情況和就醫(yī)過程，告知醫(yī)生近期旅行居住史、人員和動(dòng)物接觸史等，配合醫(yī)生開展相關(guān)調(diào)查。
4. Health Monitoring and Going to Hospital
Fever, cough and breathing difficulties might be induced by respiratory infections and other severe diseases. People should closely monitor their health conditions, take personal protection measures like wearing facemasks, and go to see a doctor nearby when they display symptoms like fever and coughing.
Citizens should monitor their health and that of their family members, minimize close contact with people who have symptoms of respiratory diseases (such as fever, cough or sneezing), and take temperature when feeling feverish. If there are children at home, parents can touch their foreheads in the morning and evening, and take their temperature in time if they have a fever.
People should go to local designated medical institutions for health check, diagnosis and treatment under the following two circumstances: (1) displaying symptoms of respiratory infections such as fever (with axillary temperature ≥37.3℃), coughing and shortness of breath; or (2) having traveled to or lived in Wuhan or surrounding areas or communities where confirmed cases have been reported, or having contact, within 14 days before feeling ill, with patients who have fever and symptoms of respiratory infections and have traveled to or lived in Wuhan or surrounding areas or communities where confirmed cases have been reported, or having involved in clustered cases.
On the way to see a doctor, people should wear surgical masks or respirators of grade N95, avoid taking public transportation, and open the window of the vehicle they take. They should keep at least 1 meter from others on the way to and after arriving at the hospital. They should tell the doctor in detail about their conditions, their recent travel and residence history, and their contact with people and animals, and cooperate with the doctor in relevant investigations.
5. 保持良好衛(wèi)生和健康習(xí)慣
在新冠肺炎疫情期間，做好防護(hù)措施的同時(shí)，保持良好衛(wèi)生和健康習(xí)慣可以有效降低感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委在2020年1月27日發(fā)布的《新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎防控公眾預(yù)防指南匯編》中介紹了保持良好衛(wèi)生和健康習(xí)慣的主要做法：居室勤開窗，經(jīng)常通風(fēng)；家庭成員不共用毛巾，保持家居、餐具清潔，勤曬衣被；不隨地吐痰，口鼻分泌物用紙巾包好，棄置于有蓋垃圾箱內(nèi)；注意營(yíng)養(yǎng)，適度運(yùn)動(dòng)；不要接觸、購(gòu)買和食用野生動(dòng)物（即野味），盡量避免前往售賣活體動(dòng)物（禽類、海產(chǎn)品、野生動(dòng)物等）的市場(chǎng)；家庭備置體溫計(jì)、醫(yī)用外科口罩或N95口罩、家用消毒用品等物資。
5. Maintaining Good Hygiene and Health Habits
During the outbreak of the COVID-19, while taking good protective measures, maintaining good hygiene and health habits can effectively reduce the risk of infection. On January 27, the NHC released a Guidebook on Public Prevention of Novel Coronavirus-infected Pneumonia, which suggested the following ways to maintain good hygiene and health habits:
* Frequently open the windows of your house for better ventilation;
* Do not share towels with your family members;
* Keep your home and tableware clean;
* Sun-cure your clothes and quilts often;
* Do not spit;
* Wrap your oral and nasal secretion with tissue and throw it in a covered dustbin;
* Balance your nutrition and exercise moderately;
* Do not touch, buy and eat wild animals (gamey), and avoid visiting the market that sells live animals (poultry, seafood and wild animals);
* Have thermometer, surgical or N95 masks, and domestic disinfectants at home.
6. 不接觸、購(gòu)買和食用野生動(dòng)物
野生動(dòng)物是指所有非經(jīng)人工飼養(yǎng)而生活于自然環(huán)境下的各種動(dòng)物。許多野生動(dòng)物帶有多種病毒，如果人與之接觸，可能將病毒傳播給人類。如艾滋病、萊姆病、埃博拉病毒、亨德拉病毒、猴痘、SARS、MERS以及新冠病毒等，都是通過野生動(dòng)物傳播到人類。
中國(guó)早在1988年就頒布了《中華人民共和國(guó)野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)法》，規(guī)定禁止出售、購(gòu)買、利用國(guó)家重點(diǎn)保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物及其制品，禁止生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)營(yíng)使用國(guó)家重點(diǎn)保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物及其制品制作的食品，或者使用沒有合法來源證明的非國(guó)家重點(diǎn)保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物及其制品制作的食品。
新冠肺炎疫情發(fā)生以來，濫食野生動(dòng)物的突出問題及其對(duì)公共衛(wèi)生安全構(gòu)成的巨大隱患，引起社會(huì)廣泛關(guān)注。2020年2月24日，第十三屆全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)第十六次全體會(huì)議通過全面禁止非法野生動(dòng)物交易、革除濫食野生動(dòng)物陋習(xí)、切實(shí)保障人民群眾生命安全的決定，為維護(hù)公共衛(wèi)生安全和生態(tài)安全，保障人民群眾生命健康安全提供有力的立法保障。為了人類健康，個(gè)人不要接觸、捕獵、販賣、購(gòu)買、加工、食用野生動(dòng)物。
6. No Touching, Buying and Eating of Wild Animals.
Wild animals refer to all kinds of animals that live in a natural environment without artificial rearing. Many wild animals carry multiple viruses that can be transmitted to humans through contact. Viruses like AIDS, Lyme disease, Ebola virus, Hendra virus, monkey pox, SARS, MERS, and novel coronavirus can spread to humans through wild animals.
China promulgated the Law on the Protection of Wildlife in 1988, which prohibits the sale, purchase and utilization of wildlife that are under special state protection and their products, and prohibits the production and sale of food made of wildlife that are under special state protection and their products, or of food made of wildlife that are not under special state protection and their products without proof of legal source.
After the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic, the prominent problem of eating wild animals and the huge potential dangers to public health have aroused wide concerns. On February 24, the 16th plenary meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People’s Congress decided to thoroughly ban illegal wildlife trade and break the bad habit of eating wild animals, so as to effectively guarantee the safety of the people’s lives. This decision provided strong legislative guarantee to safeguard public health and ecological security and to protect people’s lives and health. For the sake of human health, people must not touch, hunt, sell, buy, process, or eat wild animals.
7. 家庭防控
家庭是社會(huì)的細(xì)胞，也是抗擊疫情的基礎(chǔ)力量和重要防線。目前諸多新冠肺炎病例中，家庭聚集性感染的特征較為突出，這是因?yàn)槎嗳碎L(zhǎng)時(shí)間聚集在同一空間，很容易造成病毒傳播擴(kuò)散，出現(xiàn)“一人感染，一家傳染”的情況。
家庭防控主要指為防止疫情擴(kuò)散，以家庭為單位，在社區(qū)的指導(dǎo)下，各自做好自我管理和家庭管理。國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委在2020年1月27日發(fā)布的《新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎防控公眾預(yù)防指南匯編》中介紹了“家庭新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎預(yù)防指南”，提供了適用于家庭場(chǎng)所的日常預(yù)防建議：一是避免去疾病正在流行的地區(qū)；二是減少到人員密集、尤其是空氣流動(dòng)性差的公共場(chǎng)所活動(dòng)三是不要接觸、購(gòu)買和使用野生動(dòng)物，避免前往售賣活體動(dòng)物的市場(chǎng)，禽肉蛋要充分煮熟后食用；四是居室保持清潔，勤開窗通風(fēng)；五是隨時(shí)保持手衛(wèi)生六是外出佩戴口罩七是保持良好衛(wèi)生和健康習(xí)慣八是主動(dòng)做好個(gè)人及家庭成員的健康監(jiān)測(cè)九是準(zhǔn)備常用物資，如體溫計(jì)、一次性口罩、家用消毒用品等。此外，該《指南》還對(duì)家庭成員出現(xiàn)可疑癥狀時(shí)的情況提供了防控建議，強(qiáng)調(diào)如家庭成員出現(xiàn)新冠肺炎可疑癥狀，應(yīng)及時(shí)佩戴口罩并就醫(yī)；如家庭中有人被診斷為新冠肺炎患者，其他家庭成員如果經(jīng)判定為密切接觸者，應(yīng)接受14天醫(yī)學(xué)觀察；患者和密切接觸者應(yīng)避免與無癥狀的其他家庭成員近距離接觸；對(duì)有癥狀的家庭成員經(jīng)常接觸的地方和物品進(jìn)行消毒等。
7. Family Prevention and Control
The family is the cell of society and an important place of defense against the epidemic. Among novel coronavirus cases, family infections are prominent. The gathering of people in the same space for a long time can easily cause virus spreading and result in “infection of a whole family by one confirmed member.”
The Guidebook on Public Prevention of Novel Coronavirus-infected Pneumonia issued by the NHC made the following suggestions for family members:
* Avoid visiting areas where the disease is prevalent;
* Reduce visits to crowded public places, especially places of poor ventilation;
* Do not touch, buy and eat wild animals; avoid visiting markets that sell live animals, and cook poultry, eggs and meat thoroughly;
* Keep your home clean and open windows frequently for better ventilation;
* Maintain hand hygiene;
* Wear a mask when going out;
* Keep good personal hygiene and health habits;
* Monitor health conditions of yourself and your family members;
* Keep necessary medical supplies at home, such as thermometer, disposable masks and domestic disinfectants.
The Guidance suggested that family members with suspicious symptoms should wear masks and seek prompt medical advice; when one family member is diagnosed with COVID-19, other members, if identified as close contacts, have to take medical observation for 14 consecutive days; patients and close contacts should avoid close contact with other family members who have no symptom; and the places where the family member with symptoms stays and the objects he/she frequently touches should be sterilized.
8. 公共場(chǎng)所防控
公共場(chǎng)所是公眾進(jìn)行社會(huì)活動(dòng)的重要載體，也是防控傳染病發(fā)生流行的重點(diǎn)環(huán)節(jié)，公共場(chǎng)所衛(wèi)生安全關(guān)系人民群眾健康和經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展。為加強(qiáng)疫情防控，2020年1月30日，國(guó)務(wù)院應(yīng)對(duì)新冠肺炎疫情聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機(jī)制印發(fā)《公共場(chǎng)所新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎衛(wèi)生防護(hù)指南》，對(duì)賓館、商場(chǎng)、影院、游泳館、博物館、候車（機(jī)）室、辦公樓等人群經(jīng)常聚集活動(dòng)的公共場(chǎng)所和工作場(chǎng)所的衛(wèi)生防護(hù)提出措施指引和操作要求。
公共場(chǎng)所衛(wèi)生操作方面，重點(diǎn)做好物體表面清潔消毒，對(duì)高頻接觸的物體表面（如電梯間按鈕、扶手、門把手等），可用含氯消毒劑、消毒濕巾進(jìn)行噴灑或擦拭；加強(qiáng)餐（飲）具的消毒、衣服、被褥、座椅套等紡織物及衛(wèi)生潔具的清潔消毒；加強(qiáng)通風(fēng)換氣，保持場(chǎng)所內(nèi)空氣流通，首選自然風(fēng)；定期清洗空調(diào)濾網(wǎng)，未使用空調(diào)時(shí)應(yīng)關(guān)閉回風(fēng)通道；確保場(chǎng)所內(nèi)洗手設(shè)施運(yùn)行正常，配備足量洗手液、速干手消毒劑或感應(yīng)式手消毒設(shè)施；加強(qiáng)垃圾分類管理，及時(shí)收集并清運(yùn)，定期對(duì)垃圾桶等垃圾盛裝容器進(jìn)行消毒清潔；設(shè)立應(yīng)急區(qū)域，當(dāng)出現(xiàn)疑似或確診病例時(shí)，及時(shí)到該區(qū)域進(jìn)行暫時(shí)隔離和規(guī)范處理；在場(chǎng)所內(nèi)顯著區(qū)域，開展防控健康宣教。
個(gè)人防護(hù)方面，工作人員要做好“三注意”，即注意個(gè)人衛(wèi)生防護(hù)、注意手衛(wèi)生、注意身體狀況。流動(dòng)人員要減少聚集，減少不必要的外出，如果外出應(yīng)做好個(gè)人防護(hù)和手衛(wèi)生，在人口較為密集的公共場(chǎng)所，建議佩戴醫(yī)用口罩、勤洗手等；辦公樓等場(chǎng)所要加強(qiáng)對(duì)來訪人員健康監(jiān)測(cè)和登記等工作。
8. Public Places Prevention and Control
Public places are where the general public take part in social activities, therefore they are a key link in the prevention and control of infectious diseases. These places are related to people’s health and economic and social development.
On January 30, the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council published a Guide on Health Protection of Novel Coronavirus-infected Pneumonia in Public Places, listing suggestions and requirements for health protection in public places and workplaces where people often gather, such as hotels, shopping malls, cinemas, swimming pools, museums, waiting rooms and lounges, and office buildings.
* For hygienic practices in public places, it is important to clean and disinfect the surface of objects. Spray or wipe the surfaces with high frequency of contact (elevator buttons, handrails and door handles) with chlorine-containing disinfectants and disinfectant wipes;
* Ensure disinfection of food (drinking) utensils, sanitary ware, and textiles such as clothes, bedding and seat covers;
* Well ventilate the rooms, with natural wind preferred;
* Clean the air conditioning filters regularly, and close the air return channel if not in use;
* Ensure normal operation of hand washing facilities and adequate hand sanitizers, quick-dry hand disinfectants or inductive hand disinfection facilities;
* Strengthen garbage classification management, timely collection and removal of garbage, and regular disinfection and cleaning of garbage cans and other containers;
* Set an emergency area for temporary isolation and standard treatment of suspected or confirmed cases;
* Post health education materials about epidemic prevention and control in a conspicuous place in the site.
In terms of personal protection, the staff should pay attention to personal protection, hand hygiene, and physical condition. Mobile personnel should reduce gatherings and unnecessary outings. They must make sure of personal protection and hand hygiene if going out. In crowded public places, it is recommended to wear medical masks and wash hands frequently. Health monitoring and registration of visitors shall be made at office buildings and other places.
9. 公共交通工具防控
公共交通工具具有人流量大、人員來源復(fù)雜、密切接觸可能性大等特點(diǎn)，僅僅靠采取消毒措施切斷傳播途徑來預(yù)防疾病傳播具有較大難度。因此，應(yīng)通過加強(qiáng)人員管理、環(huán)境衛(wèi)生及消毒、健康宣教等措施，保障公共交通工具上人員的安全健康。
國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委在2020年1月27日發(fā)布的《新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎防控公眾預(yù)防指南匯編》中，對(duì)飛機(jī)、火車、地鐵、公共汽車和輪船等公共交通工具的衛(wèi)生防護(hù)提供措施建議。1月29日，國(guó)務(wù)院應(yīng)對(duì)新型冠肺炎疫情聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機(jī)制印發(fā)《公共交通工具消毒操作技術(shù)指南的通知》，指導(dǎo)汽車、火車、飛機(jī)、輪船等公共交通工具做好消毒工作，防止新冠肺炎通過交通工具傳播和擴(kuò)散。
公共交通工具防控建議主要包括：發(fā)生疾病流行地區(qū)的公共交通工具在崗工作人員應(yīng)佩戴醫(yī)用外科口罩或N95口罩，并每日做好健康監(jiān)測(cè)；公共交通工具建議備置體溫計(jì)、口罩等物品；增加公共交通工具清潔與消毒頻次，做好清潔消毒工作記錄和標(biāo)識(shí)；保持公共交通工具良好的通風(fēng)狀態(tài)；保持車站、車廂內(nèi)的衛(wèi)生整潔，及時(shí)清理垃圾；做好人員工作與輪休安排，確保司乘人員得到足夠休息。
9. Public Transportation Prevention and Control
Public transportation features large flow of people, complex personnel source, and high possibility of close contact. It is difficult to prevent the spread of disease by only taking disinfection measures to cut off the transmission route. Measures such as strengthening personnel management, environmental sanitation and disinfection, and health education should be taken to ensure the safety and health of passengers.
The NHC provided recommendations on hygienic protection of public transportation such as planes, trains, subways, buses and ships in the Guidebook on Public Prevention of Novel Coronavirus-infected Pneumonia released on January 27. On January 29, the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council issued a notice on applying the Technical Guidelines for Disinfection of Public Transportation, which provided disinfection suggestions of cars, trains, planes and ships to prevent the spread of the novel coronavirus through vehicles.
The suggestions included:
* On-duty staff of public transportation in epidemic areas should wear surgical or N95 masks, and carry out daily health monitoring;
* Public transportation should have thermometers, masks and other items on them;
* Increase the frequency of cleaning and disinfection of public transportation, and make records and identification;
* Maintain good ventilation;
* Keep the station and carriage clean and tidy, and clean up the garbage in time;
* Schedule proper personnel work and rotating shifts to ensure the crew get enough rest.
10. 辦公場(chǎng)所防控
辦公場(chǎng)所防控主要指在辦公區(qū)域進(jìn)行的疫情防控管理。隨著復(fù)工復(fù)產(chǎn)、人員陸續(xù)返崗，辦公區(qū)域人員密度大、停留時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、人員構(gòu)成復(fù)雜，增加了辦公場(chǎng)所的防控工作難度。國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委在2020年1月29日發(fā)布的《新型冠狀病毒防控指南（第一版）》中，提供了辦公場(chǎng)所防控指南，即工作人員要自行健康監(jiān)測(cè)，若出現(xiàn)新冠狀病毒感染的可疑癥狀（包括發(fā)熱、咳嗽、咽痛、胸悶、呼吸困難、乏力、惡心嘔吐、腹瀉、結(jié)膜炎、肌肉酸痛等），不要帶病上班；若發(fā)現(xiàn)新型冠狀病毒感染的可疑癥狀者，工作人員應(yīng)要求其離開；公用物品及公共接觸物品或部位要定期清洗和消毒；保持辦公場(chǎng)所內(nèi)空氣流通；洗手間要配備足夠的洗手液，確保供水設(shè)施運(yùn)行正常；保持環(huán)境衛(wèi)生清潔，及時(shí)清理垃圾等。
此外，各地還就疫情期間辦公場(chǎng)所防控和工作人員防護(hù)提出措施建議。例如，建立主體責(zé)任制，明確辦公場(chǎng)所內(nèi)各單位各部門的具體職責(zé)；辦公場(chǎng)所所在建筑的經(jīng)營(yíng)管理者要建立租用戶名錄清單，建立樓宇、院落出入口體溫監(jiān)測(cè)、人員登記等防控措施；建立有針對(duì)性的防控工作方案；強(qiáng)化員工健康監(jiān)測(cè)制度；加強(qiáng)重點(diǎn)崗位重點(diǎn)部門的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)梳理和應(yīng)對(duì)措施；優(yōu)化工作流程，降低感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；建立彈性工作制；減少會(huì)議等不必要的人群聚集性活動(dòng)；保持辦公場(chǎng)所室內(nèi)空氣流通；加強(qiáng)日常清潔和預(yù)防性消毒措施等。
10. Office Prevention and Control
Office prevention and control mainly refers to epidemic prevention and control management in the workplace. With the resumption of work and production and the return of personnel, the office area has a high density of staff with long stay and a complex composition, which increases the difficulty of prevention and control.
The Prevention and Control Protocol for Novel Coronavirus (1st Edition), released by the NHC on January 29, provided a guide to workplace prevention and control:
* The staff should monitor their own health.
* A sick employee should not come to work in case of suspicious symptoms of novel coronavirus pneumonia (such as fever, cough, pharyngalgia, chest distress, breathing difficulties, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, and muscle soreness).
* People with suspected symptoms of the disease should be refused to enter the workplace.
* Regularly clean and disinfect public goods and items or parts that are frequently touched by people.
* Maintain indoor ventilation in the workplace;
* Ensure sufficient hand sanitizers and proper operation of water supply facilities in the washroom;
* Keep the workplace clean and tidy, and clean up the garbage in time.
Various localities also adopted detailed measures for the prevention and control of office areas. These included:
* Specify responsibilities of each unit in the office area;
* The operator of the building where the office is located draw up a list of tenants, and take temperature check and personnel registration at the building or courtyard entrance;
* Make targeted work plans for prevention and control;
* Strengthen staff health monitoring;
* Conduct risk analysis and work out counter measures for key posts and key departments;
* Optimize workflow to reduce the risk of infection;
* Adopt flexible work hours;
* Reduce unnecessary meetings and other gatherings;
* Maintain indoor ventilation;
* Strengthen daily cleaning and preventive disinfection.
11. 養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)防控
老年人群是新冠病毒易感高危人群，自我防護(hù)意識(shí)普遍較弱，因此，老年康復(fù)、護(hù)理、養(yǎng)老等機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)做好在院老年人群的防護(hù)措施。2020年1月底，國(guó)家民政部發(fā)出通知，要求各地全力做好養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)新冠肺炎疫情防控工作，確保老年人安全健康。
根據(jù)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委在2020年1月29日發(fā)布的《新型冠狀病毒防控指南（第一版）》，養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)防控疫情的主要措施包括日常預(yù)防措施，以及有老人出現(xiàn)可疑癥狀時(shí)的應(yīng)對(duì)措施。疾病流行期間，建議養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)施封閉式管理，原則上不接待外來人員走訪慰問，老人不能離院外出，不再接受新入住老人，必須外出的老人回到養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)后應(yīng)密切觀察。此外，養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)還應(yīng)建立老人和工作人員的健康檔案，每日開展晨檢和健康登記；建立探訪人員登記制度，所有外來探訪人員應(yīng)佩戴醫(yī)用外科口罩；倡導(dǎo)老人養(yǎng)成經(jīng)常洗手的好習(xí)慣，確保環(huán)境清潔衛(wèi)生。如有老人出現(xiàn)可疑癥狀時(shí)，及時(shí)為其安排單間進(jìn)行自我隔離，由醫(yī)護(hù)人員對(duì)其健康狀況進(jìn)行評(píng)估，視病情狀況送至醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)就診，并暫停探訪活動(dòng)。
11. Nursing Homes Prevention and Control
The elderly are a vulnerable and high-risk group of the novel coronavirus with weak self-protection awareness. The institutions for elderly rehabilitation, nursing, and elderly care should take protective measures for the elderly.
In late January 2020, the Ministry of Civil Affairs issued a notice requesting all localities to make every effort to prevent and control the novel coronavirus in elderly care institutions to ensure the safety and health of senior citizens.
According to the Prevention and Control Protocol for Novel Coronavirus (1st Edition), major measures to be taken by the elderly care institutions included daily preventive measures and counter measures in case of suspicious symptoms of elderly people.
During the epidemic outbreak, the elderly care institutions were recommended to perform closed management. Technically they should not receive visitors from outside, the elderly should not leave the institutions, and the institutions should not accept new arrivals. The elderly who have to go out should be put under close observation after returning to the nursing home.
The old-age care institutions should establish health records for the elderly and staff, and conduct daily morning check-up and health registration; conduct registration of visitors and demand all visitors wear surgical masks; encourage the elderly to wash hand frequently and keep their rooms clean and tidy.
In case of suspicious symptoms of an elderly, the institution should promptly arrange a single room for quarantine, ask the medical staff to assess his/her health status, send him/her to the medical institution for treatment depending on the condition, and suspend visits to the elderly.
12. 幼兒園、學(xué)校防控
幼兒園、學(xué)校是幼兒、學(xué)生集體生活的場(chǎng)所，易感人群集中，易導(dǎo)致交叉感染。為科學(xué)精準(zhǔn)指導(dǎo)各類學(xué)校做好新冠肺炎疫情防控工作，維護(hù)師生員工生命安全、維護(hù)校園正常生活教學(xué)秩序，2020年3月12日，國(guó)家教育部應(yīng)對(duì)疫情工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組辦公室組織編寫的《幼兒園新冠肺炎防控指南》《中小學(xué)校新冠肺炎防控指南》《高等學(xué)校新冠肺炎防控指南》出版上線，對(duì)幼兒園、學(xué)校做好應(yīng)對(duì)疫情工作具有指導(dǎo)意義。
幼兒園、學(xué)校防控疫情的主要措施包括：返校前有過疫情高發(fā)地區(qū)（如武漢等地區(qū)）居住史或旅行史的學(xué)生，建議居家觀察14天期滿再返校；學(xué)生返校后應(yīng)每日監(jiān)測(cè)體溫和健康狀況，盡量減少不必要外出，避免接觸其他人員；學(xué)生與其他師生發(fā)生近距離接觸的環(huán)境中，要正確佩戴醫(yī)用外科口罩或N95口罩，盡量縮小活動(dòng)范圍；學(xué)校密切監(jiān)測(cè)學(xué)生的健康狀態(tài)，每日兩次測(cè)量體溫，做好缺勤、早退、請(qǐng)假記錄，如發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生中出現(xiàn)可疑癥狀，應(yīng)立刻向疫情管理人員報(bào)告，配合醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)做好密切接觸者管理和消毒等工作；學(xué)校應(yīng)盡量避免組織大型集體活動(dòng)，教室、宿舍、圖書館、活動(dòng)中心、食堂、禮堂、教師辦公室、洗手間等公共活動(dòng)區(qū)域加強(qiáng)通風(fēng)清潔，配備洗手液、手消毒劑等；校方對(duì)因疫情、因病誤課的學(xué)生開展網(wǎng)絡(luò)教學(xué)、補(bǔ)課，對(duì)于因病耽誤考試的學(xué)生，應(yīng)安排補(bǔ)考，不應(yīng)記入檔案。
12. Kindergartens and Schools Prevention and Control
Kindergartens and schools are places where young children and students live together, who are vulnerable to diseases and easily suffer cross-infection.
To accurately guide various schools on epidemic prevention and control, protect the health of children and teachers, and maintain normal teaching order, the leading group on virus prevention of the Ministry of Education on March 12 released different guides on COVID-19 prevention and control in kindergartens, primary and middle schools, and colleges and universities.
For the sake of epidemic prevention and control, the students should do the following:
* Stay at home for a 14-day observation before returning to school if they have a travel or residence history from areas hit hard by the epidemic (such as Wuhan and other areas);
* Monitor their body temperature and health every day after returning to school, reduce unnecessary outdoor activities and avoid contact with others;
* Properly wear surgical or N95 masks when in close contact with their teachers and schoolmates, and minimize the scope of activities.
Schools should do the following:
* Monitor the health condition of students, take their body temperature twice a day, and make records of absence, early leave and leave;
* Report to epidemic management staff in case of suspicious symptoms among students, and cooperate with medical and health institutions in the management of close contacts and disinfection work;
* Avoid organizing large-scale collective activities;
* Ensure ventilation and cleaning in public activity areas such as classrooms, dormitories, libraries, activity centers, canteens, auditoriums, teacher offices and toilets, and equip these places with hand sanitizers and hand disinfectants;
* Provide online teaching and make-up classes that students have missed due to the epidemic and illness;
* Arrange make-up exams for students who miss exams due to illness, which will not be recorded in the archives.
13. 老年人防控
老年人免疫功能弱，是傳染病的易感人群和高危易發(fā)人群，本次新冠肺炎疫情的危重癥人群中老年人居多。2020年1月28日，國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委印發(fā)《關(guān)于做好老年人新冠肺炎疫情防控工作的通知》，要求將老年人的疫情防控作為當(dāng)前的重要工作來抓，采取有效措施，切實(shí)降低老年人感染率，盡最大努力減少重癥和死亡病例。全國(guó)老齡工作委員會(huì)辦公室發(fā)布的《給老年朋友的一封信》倡議，老年人要科學(xué)防控，不要過度恐慌；盡量減少外出，做好個(gè)人防護(hù)；注重補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng)和食品衛(wèi)生；合理適度鍛煉身體；主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)相關(guān)防護(hù)知識(shí)等。
根據(jù)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委在2020年1月29日發(fā)布的《新型冠狀病毒防控指南（第一版）》，老年人群的主要防控措施包括：確保老人掌握預(yù)防新冠肺炎的個(gè)人防護(hù)措施、手衛(wèi)生要求、衛(wèi)生和健康習(xí)慣，避免共用個(gè)人物品，注意通風(fēng)，落實(shí)消毒措施；倡導(dǎo)老人養(yǎng)成經(jīng)常洗手的好習(xí)慣；老人出現(xiàn)可疑癥狀時(shí)，應(yīng)自我隔離，避免與其他人員近距離接觸，由醫(yī)護(hù)人員對(duì)其健康狀況進(jìn)行評(píng)估，視病情狀況送至醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)就診，注意及時(shí)佩戴醫(yī)用外科口罩，并避免乘坐公共交通工具；曾與可疑癥狀者有無有效防護(hù)的密切接觸者，應(yīng)立即登記，并進(jìn)行醫(yī)學(xué)觀察；減少不必要的聚會(huì)、聚餐等群體性活動(dòng)，不安排集中用餐等。此外，若出現(xiàn)可疑癥狀的老人被確診為新冠肺炎，其密切接觸者應(yīng)接受14天醫(yī)學(xué)觀察。病人離開后（如住院、死亡等），應(yīng)及時(shí)對(duì)住所進(jìn)行終末消毒。
13. Prevention and Control for the Elderly
The elderly with weak immune function are susceptible and high-risk groups of infectious diseases, and they are the majority of the severe and critical cases among the COVID-19 patients.
On January 28, the NHC issued a notice on epidemic prevention and control among the elderly, requiring effective measures to reduce the infection rate, severe cases and deaths. The Office of the National Working Committee on Aging published a letter calling for the senior citizens to take scientific measures against the disease and not to panic; reduce outdoor activities and have personal protection; balance nutrition and ensure food hygiene; exercise moderately; and take protective tips.
According to the Prevention and Control Protocol for Novel Coronavirus (1st Edition), the main prevention and control measures for the elderly included:
* Learn necessary personal protective ways against the disease, keep hands clean, and maintain hygiene and health habits;
* Avoid sharing personal items, keep ventilation, and take disinfection measures;
* Wash hand frequently;
* Take self-quarantine and avoid close contact with others in case of suspicious symptoms, and ask the medical staff assess their health status and send them to medical institution for treatment depending on the condition;
* Wear surgical masks and avoid taking public transportation when going to hospital;
* Anyone who has taken no effective protection when having close contact with someone with suspicious symptoms should be registered immediately and put under medical observation;
* Reduce unnecessary gatherings, dinner parties and other group activities, and avoid collective dining.
If the elderly with suspicious symptoms are diagnosed with the novel coronavirus, their close contacts need to receive 14 days of medical observation. After the patient leave (such as hospitalization and death), the residence must be disinfected in time.
14. 兒童防控
兒童是新冠肺炎的易感人群之一。2020年2月2日，國(guó)務(wù)院應(yīng)對(duì)新冠肺炎疫情聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機(jī)制發(fā)出通知，要求做好兒童和孕產(chǎn)婦新冠肺炎疫情防控工作。
根據(jù)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委在2020年1月29日發(fā)布的《新型冠狀病毒防控指南（第一版）》，兒童群體的主要防控措施包括：盡量避免外出，不到人員密集和空間密閉的場(chǎng)所，不走親訪友，不與有呼吸道感染癥狀的人接觸，確需外出的要正確佩戴口罩，做好防護(hù)措施；要養(yǎng)成打噴嚏或咳嗽時(shí)用紙巾或袖肘遮住嘴巴、鼻子的習(xí)慣；如果有發(fā)燒、生病的情況，一定要配合家長(zhǎng)及時(shí)去醫(yī)院就醫(yī)；家長(zhǎng)要加強(qiáng)居室通風(fēng)，做好室內(nèi)消毒，創(chuàng)造清潔生活環(huán)境，外出回家后洗手更衣再接觸兒童；家長(zhǎng)要教會(huì)兒童正確的洗手方法，督促兒童勤洗手、不亂摸，適度運(yùn)動(dòng)、合理膳食、作息規(guī)律，幫助兒童養(yǎng)成良好的衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣等。
14. Prevention and Control for Children
Children are one of the vulnerable groups of the novel coronavirus. On February 2, the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council issued a notice on ensuring effective control of the children and pregnant women.
According to the Prevention and Control Protocol for Novel Coronavirus (1st Edition), the main prevention and control measures for children included:
* Reduce outdoor activities as much as possible, avoid going to crowded or poorly ventilated spaces, and avoid visiting relatives and friends or contact with people who have symptoms of respiratory tract infection;
* Take good protection such as wearing a facial mask while going out;
* Cover mouth and nose with tissue or elbow when sneezing or coughing;
* Go to hospital with parents in time in case of a fever or illness;
* Parents should improve room ventilation, and do indoor disinfection to create a clean living environment;
* After returning from public areas, parents should wash hands and change clothes before contacting children;
* Parents should teach children correct way of hand washing, urge children to wash their hands frequently, avoid touching public objects, balance nutrition and exercise moderately, work and rest regularly, and help children develop good health habits.
15. 學(xué)生防控
學(xué)生的身體健康牽涉到千家萬戶，是疫情防控的關(guān)鍵和重中之重。2020年1月29日，國(guó)家教育部宣布各地在疫情防控期間做好延期開學(xué)的準(zhǔn)備，中小學(xué)應(yīng)在延遲開學(xué)期間“停課不停教、不停學(xué)”。2020年2月2日, 國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委發(fā)布《新冠病毒防控指南（第一版）》，對(duì)學(xué)生群體防控做出明確規(guī)定。
根據(jù)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委在2020年1月29日發(fā)布的《新型冠狀病毒防控指南（第一版）》，學(xué)生群體的主要防控措施包括：寒假期間，有疫情高發(fā)地區(qū)（如武漢等地區(qū)）居住史或旅行史的學(xué)生，自離開疫情高發(fā)地區(qū)后，居家或在指定場(chǎng)所醫(yī)學(xué)觀察14天；各地學(xué)生均應(yīng)盡量居家，減少走親訪友、聚會(huì)聚餐，減少到人員密集的公共場(chǎng)所活動(dòng)；每日進(jìn)行健康監(jiān)測(cè)，并根據(jù)社區(qū)或?qū)W校要求向社區(qū)或?qū)W校指定負(fù)責(zé)人報(bào)告。寒假結(jié)束時(shí)，學(xué)生如無可疑癥狀，可正常返校；如有可疑癥狀，應(yīng)報(bào)告學(xué)校或由監(jiān)護(hù)人報(bào)告學(xué)校，及時(shí)就醫(yī)，待痊愈后再返校；返校途中，乘坐公共交通工具時(shí)全程佩戴醫(yī)用外科口罩或N95口罩，隨時(shí)保持手衛(wèi)生，做好旅途中健康監(jiān)測(cè)，避免與可疑癥狀人員近距離接觸；若旅途中出現(xiàn)可疑癥狀，應(yīng)主動(dòng)戴上醫(yī)用外科口罩或N95口罩，盡量避免接觸其他人員，并視病情及時(shí)就醫(yī)；如需前往醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)就診時(shí)，應(yīng)主動(dòng)告知旅行居住史，妥善保存旅行票據(jù)信息，配合相關(guān)密切接觸者調(diào)查等�！�
15. Prevention and Control for Students
The health of students involves thousands of families, which is the key and top priority of epidemic prevention and control. On January 29, the Ministry of Education proposed all regions postpone the new school term during the epidemic prevention and control period, and primary and middle schools “suspend classes with non-stopping teaching and learning” during the period.
According to the Prevention and Control Protocol for Novel Coronavirus (1st Edition), the students should do the following:
* Stay at home or in a designated place for 14-day medical observation after their departure if they have a travel or residence history from areas hit hard by the epidemic (such as Wuhan and other areas) during the winter vacation;
* Stay at home, reduce visits to relatives and friends, parties and collective dining, and reduce visits to crowded public areas;
* Conduct daily health monitoring and report to the designated people as required by the community or school.
* Return to school at the end of winter vacation if having no suspicious symptoms;
* Report to the school if having suspicious symptoms, seek medical advice in a timely manner, and return to school after recovery;
* Wear surgical or N95 masks on public transportation on the way back school, keep hand hygiene, do health monitoring, and avoid close contact with people of suspicious symptoms;
* Wear surgical or N95 masks in case of suspicious symptoms during the journey, avoid contact with others, and seek medical advice in a timely manner depending on the condition;
* Inform the doctor about travel and residence history, preserve the travel tickets and information, and cooperate with the investigation about close contacts.
16. 有疾病流行地區(qū)居住旅行史人員防控
根據(jù)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委在2020年1月29日發(fā)布的《新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎防控公眾預(yù)防指南匯編》，在兩周內(nèi)有武漢等疾病流行地區(qū)居住、旅行史的人員應(yīng)做好登記、隔離和酌情就醫(yī)等防控措施，具體包括：盡快到所在村支部或社區(qū)登記，減少外出活動(dòng)，尤其是避免到人員密集的公共場(chǎng)所活動(dòng)；從離開疾病流行地區(qū)時(shí)開始，連續(xù)14天進(jìn)行自我健康狀況監(jiān)測(cè)，每天兩次；條件允許時(shí)，盡量單獨(dú)居住或居住在通風(fēng)良好的單人房間，并盡量減少與家人的密切接觸；若出現(xiàn)可疑癥狀（包括發(fā)熱、咳嗽、咽痛、胸悶、呼吸困難、輕度納差、乏力、精神稍差、惡心嘔吐、腹瀉、頭痛、心慌、結(jié)膜炎、輕度四肢或腰背部肌肉酸痛等），應(yīng)根據(jù)病情及時(shí)就診；就醫(yī)途中，應(yīng)佩戴醫(yī)用外科口罩或N95口罩；避免乘坐公共交通工具前往醫(yī)院，路上打開車窗，注意時(shí)刻佩戴口罩、隨時(shí)保持手衛(wèi)生，盡可能遠(yuǎn)離其他人(至少1米)，若路途中污染了交通工具，建議使用含氯消毒劑或過氧乙酸消毒劑，對(duì)所有被呼吸道分泌物或體液污染的表面進(jìn)行消毒。
16. Prevention and Control for People with Travel and Residence History in Epidemic Areas
According to the Guidebook on Public Prevention of Novel Coronavirus-infected Pneumonia, released by the NHC on January 29, people who have lived in or traveled to epidemic areas like Wuhan in the previous two weeks should take prevention and control measures, including registration, quarantine, and getting medical attention as appropriate.
Specifically, they should do the following:
* Register at local community or village administration as soon as possible, and avoid outdoor activities, especially visits to crowded public places;
* Monitor their health conditions twice a day for 14 consecutive days starting from the day of leaving the epidemic areas;
* Stay alone or in well-ventilated single rooms, if possible, and minimize close contacts with family members;
* Seek medical advice immediately if they have suspicious symptoms related to COVID-19 (such as fever, cough, sore throat, chest distress, breathing difficulties, mildly poor appetite, fatigue, feebleness, nausea or vomiting, diarrhea, headache, palpitation, conjunctivitis, mild myalgia in limbs or the lumbodorsal area);
* On the way to hospital, wear a surgical or N95 mask, and avoid taking public transportation; have the car windows remain opened for good ventilation; keep the mask on and hands clear all the time; and stay at least one meter from other people;
* Disinfectants containing chlorine or peracetic acid are recommended to sterilize all surfaces of the vehicle if contaminated by their respiratory secretions or body fluids.
17. 居家隔離人員防控
居家隔離是科學(xué)防控的必要手段，也是阻止病毒傳播蔓延的重要方法之一。為指導(dǎo)居家隔離醫(yī)學(xué)觀察的人員做好個(gè)人防護(hù)，預(yù)防和控制感染，國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委在2020年2月5日印發(fā)的《新冠肺炎防控中居家隔離醫(yī)學(xué)觀察感染防控指引（試行）》中，對(duì)居家隔離醫(yī)學(xué)觀察隨訪者、居家隔離醫(yī)學(xué)觀察人員及其家庭成員或室友等相關(guān)人員的感染防控措施作出詳細(xì)介紹。
根據(jù)該防控指引，居家隔離醫(yī)學(xué)觀察人員感染防控應(yīng)注意：可選擇家庭中通風(fēng)較好的房間隔離，多開窗通風(fēng)，保持房門隨時(shí)關(guān)閉，在打開與其他家庭成員或室友相通的房門時(shí)先開窗通風(fēng)；不隨意離開隔離房間，必須離開隔離房間時(shí)，先戴好外科口罩，洗手或手消毒后再出門；盡可能減少與其他家庭成員或室友接觸，保持1米以上距離并盡量處于下風(fēng)向；避免使用中央空調(diào)；保持充足休息和充足營(yíng)養(yǎng)，最好在隔離房間內(nèi)進(jìn)食、飲水，分時(shí)段共用衛(wèi)生間，用后通風(fēng)并用酒精等消毒劑對(duì)身體接觸的物體表面清潔消毒；講究咳嗽禮儀，咳嗽時(shí)用紙巾遮蓋口鼻，不隨地吐痰，紙巾及口罩用后丟入專門的帶蓋垃圾桶內(nèi)；用過的物品及時(shí)清潔消毒；按居家隔離醫(yī)學(xué)觀察通知，每日上下午測(cè)量體溫，自覺發(fā)熱時(shí)隨時(shí)測(cè)量并記錄，出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱、咳嗽、氣促等急性呼吸道癥狀時(shí)，及時(shí)聯(lián)系隔離點(diǎn)觀察人員。
此外，居家隔離醫(yī)學(xué)觀察人員的家庭成員、室友、物業(yè)保潔人員、保安人員等需接觸居家隔離觀察對(duì)象時(shí)，也應(yīng)注意防控，正確穿戴和摘脫防護(hù)用品。
17. Prevention and Control for People Under Home Quarantine
Home quarantine is a scientific way and an important means to contain the virus from spreading. The Guidelines on Medical Observation at Home for COVID-19 Prevention and Control (Trial), released by the NHC on February 5, detailed the measures for people under home quarantine and their family members/roommates, and staff conducting follow-up visits to them.
According to its suggestions, people under home quarantine and medical observation should do the following:
* Stay in a well-ventilated room, and keep windows open for ventilation but door closed;
* Open the window of their room for ventilation before opening the door that connects to where family members or roommates live;
* Avoid leaving the room, and wear a surgical mask, wash or sanitize hands before going out, if they must;
* Minimize contacts with family members or roommates, keep a distance of at least one meter from them, and try to be in the downwind direction;
* Not use the central air-conditioning;
* Get adequate rest and nutrition, and eat and drink in their own room;
* Timeshare bathrooms, and after usage, keep the bathroom ventilated, and use alcohol and other disinfectants to sterilize all the surfaces of objects that are subject to physical contacts;
* Practice the Cough Etiquette: covering mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing; no spitting; and putting the used tissues and masks into special waste receptacles with covers;
* Clean and disinfect immediately all objects they have used;
* Follow the notice for medical observation at home to measure body temperature every morning and afternoon or anytime when they have a fever;
* Contact staff at the quarantine center if they develop acute respiratory symptoms such as fever, cough, and panting.
If family members, roommates, staff of property management, cleaning and security, and other people need to come into contact with the people under medical observation at home, they are recommended to correctly wear and remove protective suits.
18. 居家發(fā)熱患者防控
冬春季節(jié)，呼吸道傳染病高發(fā)，普通感冒、流感和新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎均可導(dǎo)致發(fā)熱，但癥狀各有不同。如普通感冒通常表現(xiàn)為打噴嚏、流鼻涕、咽喉不適等明顯的上呼吸道癥狀，而全身癥狀較輕，不發(fā)熱或僅有短暫發(fā)熱。流感多為高熱，全身癥狀較重，伴有畏寒、頭痛、全身酸痛、鼻塞、流涕、干咳、胸痛、惡心、食欲不振等表現(xiàn)。新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎以發(fā)熱、乏力、干咳為主要表現(xiàn)，少數(shù)患者伴有鼻塞、流涕、腹瀉等癥狀。
根據(jù)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委在2020年1月29日發(fā)布的《新型冠狀病毒防控指南（第一版）》，如果出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱、咳嗽等癥狀，以下任一情況，建議采取居家隔離的方式進(jìn)行觀察，一是癥狀輕微，體溫低于38℃，無明顯氣短、氣促、胸悶、呼吸困難，呼吸、血壓、心率等生命體征平穩(wěn)；二是無嚴(yán), 重呼吸系統(tǒng)、心血管系統(tǒng)等基礎(chǔ)疾病及嚴(yán)重肥胖者。
《指南》建議，居家發(fā)熱患者應(yīng)注意休息，營(yíng)養(yǎng)均衡，飲食宜清淡；多飲溫水，少飲冰涼飲料，保證脾胃功能正常；避免盲目或不恰當(dāng)使用抗菌藥物；嚴(yán)格正確佩戴口罩，與家人分餐，與家人保持距離1.5米以上；怕冷、發(fā)熱、肌肉酸痛、咳嗽者，可選用具有解熱散寒、清熱解毒、宣肺止咳類中成藥；乏力倦怠，惡心、食欲下降、腹瀉者，可選用具有化濕解表類中成藥；發(fā)熱伴有咽痛明顯者，可選用具有清熱解毒利咽功能類中成藥；發(fā)熱伴有大便不暢者，可加用具有通腑瀉熱類制劑。此外，如果居家發(fā)熱患者體溫升高至38.5℃以上，可采取溫濕毛巾或冰貼等物理降溫措施，建議口服解熱鎮(zhèn)痛類、清熱解毒類中成藥。如果患者體溫持續(xù)2小時(shí)以上不退，出現(xiàn)胸悶、氣短、心率增快、腹瀉或嘔吐加重，建議到定點(diǎn)醫(yī)院、發(fā)熱門診就診。如果呼吸頻率出現(xiàn)呼吸頻率≥30次/分，伴呼吸困難及口唇發(fā)紺等表現(xiàn)，應(yīng)撥打120急救電話，由急救醫(yī)護(hù)人員轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到定點(diǎn)醫(yī)院、發(fā)熱門診救治。
18. Prevention and Control for Fever Patients at Home
Winters and springs see high incidences of respiratory infections. Common cold, influenza and COVID-19 can all lead to fever, but they are different in other symptoms. The symptoms of a common cold are obvious in the upper respiratory tract, such as sneezing, runny nose, and sore throat, and also there may be some mild general symptoms with transient fever or no fever. People with influenza may have severe general symptoms, often including high fevers, and other signs such as feeling chills, headaches, body aches, runny or stuffy nose, dry cough, chest pain, nausea, and lack of appetite. The symptoms of COVID-19 mainly are fever, fatigue, and dry cough. A few patients also have runny or stuffy noses, diarrhea and other signs.
According to the Prevention and Control Protocol for Novel Coronavirus (1st Edition), home quarantine is recommended for those with symptoms of fever and cough if any of the following is met: (1) body temperature below 38℃, mild symptoms without obvious shortness of breath, tachypnea, chest distress, or breathing difficulties, and steady vital signs including breath, blood pressure and heart rate; (2) no severe underlying disorders in the respiratory or cardiovascular system, and no severe obesity.
As advised in the Protocol, fever patients at home should get good rest, keep a light and well-balanced diet, and take warm water instead of cold drinks to ensure normal functions of the spleen and stomach. Blind or improper use of antibiotics should be avoided. Separate meals are encouraged at home. They should wear a mask correctly, and maintain at least 1.5-meter distance from other family members.
For symptoms of feeling chills, fever, myalgia and cough, Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) for releasing heat, dissipating cold, detoxifying, and diffusing the lung to suppress cough could be taken; for fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, and diarrhea, CPMs for resolving dampness and releasing the exterior; for fever and obvious sore throat, CPMs for releasing heat, detoxifying, and soothing the throat; and for fever and poor bowel movement, Chinese medicine preparations for relaxing the bowels and purging heat could be added.
If the temperature of a fever patient at home rises above 38.5℃, such measures as warm and wet towels and ice sticks could be used for physical cooling, and oral administration of CPMs for releasing heat, easing pain, and detoxifying is recommended.
If the high temperature remains for more than 2 hours and the symptoms of chest distress, shortness of breath, as well as increased heart rate, diarrhea or vomiting are developed, it is advised to visit a designated hospital or fever clinic.
If the respiratory frequency is higher than 30/minute, and there are symptoms of breathing difficulties and blue lips, call 120 for first aid to send him/her to a designated hospital or fever clinic by medical personnel.
19. 疑似病例防控
國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委在2020年1月22日發(fā)布的《新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎防控方案（第二版）》中，明確提出了新冠肺炎病例監(jiān)測(cè)方案、流行病學(xué)調(diào)查方案、可疑暴露者和密切接觸者管理方案以及實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)技術(shù)指南，提出加強(qiáng)組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、病例發(fā)現(xiàn)與報(bào)告、流行病學(xué)調(diào)查等9項(xiàng)防控措施，指導(dǎo)各級(jí)各類醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)、各級(jí)疾控機(jī)構(gòu)開展病例監(jiān)測(cè)、發(fā)現(xiàn)和報(bào)告工作。根據(jù)該防控方案，疑似病例的定義為：有三項(xiàng)臨床表現(xiàn)，即發(fā)熱，具有肺炎影像學(xué)特征，發(fā)病早期白細(xì)胞總數(shù)正�；蚪档�，或淋巴細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)減少；同時(shí)，具有發(fā)病前14天內(nèi)有武漢旅行史或居住史，或發(fā)病前14天內(nèi)曾接觸過來自武漢的發(fā)熱伴有呼吸道癥狀的患者，或有聚集性發(fā)病或與確診病例有流行病學(xué)關(guān)聯(lián)等任何一項(xiàng)流行病學(xué)史的患者。
該防控方案指出，醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)現(xiàn)符合疑似病例、確診病例定義的患者時(shí)，應(yīng)按要求開展流行病學(xué)調(diào)查、進(jìn)行臨床標(biāo)本采集與相關(guān)病原檢測(cè)；加強(qiáng)隔離、消毒和防護(hù)工作，對(duì)疑似病例進(jìn)行單間隔離治療。
19. Prevention and Control for Suspected Cases
In the Protocol for Novel Coronavirus-infected Pneumonia Prevention and Control (2nd Edition), released on January 22, the NHC laid out guidelines for monitoring of the patients, epidemiological investigations, and management of suspicious exposures and close contacts, and technical guidelines for laboratory testing. Nine measures of prevention and control, including strengthening organization and leadership, case detection and report, and epidemiological investigation, were provided to guide healthcare facilities and disease control centers at all levels on monitoring, detecting and reporting infections.
According to the Protocol, the definition of suspected cases considers both clinical and epidemiological features. There are three clinical manifestations: fever; radiographic imaging consistent with pneumonia; and normal or decreased white blood cell count, or decreased lymphocyte count in the early stages of the disease. The epidemiological history includes: history of travel to or residence in Wuhan within 14 days prior to the onset of the disease; contact with a patient from Wuhan with fever and respiratory symptoms within 14 days prior to the onset of the disease; clustered cases; or epidemiological relation with confirmed cases. A suspected case is defined by having all the three clinical manifestations plus any of the epidemiological history criteria.
It is stated in the Protocol that if patients who meet the definitions of suspected or confirmed cases are detected, healthcare facilities should conduct epidemiological investigations, specimen collections and lab testing, and strengthen measures for quarantine, disinfection, prevention and control. Suspected cases should be quarantined and treated in single rooms.
20. 醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)就診防護(hù)
國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委在2020年1月30日印發(fā)的《新冠病毒感染不同風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群防護(hù)指南》中，對(duì)需要到醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)就診的出行人員提出防護(hù)建議：佩戴醫(yī)用外科口罩，并保持手清潔；盡量避免乘坐地鐵、公交車等交通工具，避免前往人群密集的場(chǎng)所；就診時(shí)應(yīng)主動(dòng)告知醫(yī)務(wù)人員相關(guān)疾病流行地區(qū)的旅行居住史，以及與他人接觸情況，配合醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)開展相關(guān)調(diào)查。
同時(shí)，醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)做好就診患者的管理，合理配置醫(yī)務(wù)人員，降低醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；發(fā)現(xiàn)疑似或確診感染新冠病毒的患者時(shí)，依法采取隔離或控制傳播措施，并按照規(guī)定對(duì)患者的陪同人員和其他密切接觸人員采取醫(yī)學(xué)觀察及其他必要的預(yù)防措施；不具備新冠肺炎救治能力的醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)，應(yīng)及時(shí)將患者轉(zhuǎn)診到定點(diǎn)救治醫(yī)院。
20. Prevention and Control for Visiting Medical Institutions
In the Guide on Protecting People Against Different Risks of Novel Coronavirus Infection, released on January 30, the NHC provided the following advice to individuals who need to visit a medical institution:
* Wear a surgical mask and keep hands clean;
* Avoid taking subway, bus or other public transportation, and avoid going to crowded places;
* Inform medical staff of their histories of travel to or residence in the epidemic regions and contacts with others, and cooperate with the medical institution to carry out relevant investigations.
Medical institutions should strengthen patient management, allocate medical staff properly, and reduce the risks for hospital-acquired infection. When a suspected or confirmed case is identified, quarantine or containment should be taken in accordance with law, and medical observation and other necessary precautions should be provided to the patient escorts and other close contacts. The institutions lack of the capability for treating COVID-19 should transfer the patients to designated hospitals in a timely manner.
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